ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY MUSCLES LOCATION, ACTION, ORIGIN and INSERTION

NVCC BIO 211
HUMAN ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY I
LAB MODEL: MUSCLES
LOCATION, ACTION, ORIGIN and INSERTION

A Special Thanks to NVCC student Catherine ("Cait") Martello for her invaluable proofreading and suggestions.

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Muscle 01 FRONTALIS See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	A cutaneous muscle stretching over the forehead to the upper eyelid
ACTION:	Draws back scalp, raises eyebrows, wrinkles the brows
ORIGINS:	2 bellies: aponeurosis and the region anterior to vertex (point of curvature)
INSERTION:	Skin above the nose and the ears

Muscle 02 ORBICULARIS OCULI See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Surrounds the rim of the orbit
ACTION:	Blinking, squinting, closes eyes
ORIGIN:	Frontal and Maxilla
INSERTION:	Tissues of the eyelid

Bone 03 NASAL BONE Enlarged Head (3)
Simply know as the inferior region of the nasal bone here

Muscle 04 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Between the Orbicularis Oris and the lower eye margin
ACTION:	Opens lips; furrows upper lip
ORIGINS:	Zygomatic bone and the infraorbital margin of the Maxilla
INSERTION:	Skin and muscle of the upper lip

Muscle 05 ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	From the Zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth
ACTIONS:	Draws angle of the mouth backwards and upwards; smiling
ORIGIN:	Zygomatic bone in front of the temporal process
INSERTION:	Angle of mouth

Muscle 06 ORBICULARIS ORIS See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Multilayered Mostly surrounding the lips
ACTIONS:	Purses and protrudes lips Kissing and whistling
ORIGIN:	Indirectly from the Mandible and the Maxilla and other lip muscles
INSERTIONS:	Encircles the mouth Inserts into muscle and skin at the angles of the mouth

Muscle 07 DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Present on both sides of the mouth
ACTIONS:	Active during whole face frowning Depresses the corner(s) of the mouth
ORIGIN:	Mandible
INSERTION:	Angles (corners) of the mouth

Muscle 08 TEMPORALIS See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Fan-shaped muscle Covers parts of the Temporal, Frontal and Parietal bones
ACTIONS:	Closes jaw Elevates/retracts the Mandible A small region of this muscle can help to protract the Mandible
ORIGIN:	Temporal fossa
INSERTION:	Coronoid process of the Mandible via a tendon that passes deep to the Zygomatic arch

Bone OA CRANIUM See Enlarged Head
This is bone. It is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain. The roof (cap) of the skull is referred to as the Calvarium.

Muscle AA BUCCINATOR Swww Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Main muscle of the cheek Thin/horizontal plane Deep to the Masseter
ACTIONS:	Compression of the cheeks Holds food between the teeth while chewing
ORIGIN:	Molar area of Maxilla and Mandible
INSERTION:	Orbicularis Oris

Muscle BB MASSETER See Enlarged Head
LOCATION:	Strong muscle covering the lateral aspect of the Mandible (ramus)
ACTIONS:	Elevates the Mandible Closes the jaw
ORIGIN:	Zygomatic bone (arch)
INSERTION:	Mandible (angle and ramus)

Muscle 09 POSTERIOR AURICULAR Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Surrounds auricula (external outer ear)
ACTION:	Draws auricle backwards
ORIGIN:	Mastoid process
INSERTION:	Cartilage of the ear

Muscle 10 OCCIPITALIS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Part of the Occipitofrontalis muscle which contains the Frontalis and Occipitalis portions (bellies). Both bellies are not seen in their entirety here
ACTION:	Moves the scalp
ORIGIN:	Occipital and Temporal bones
INSERTION:	Aponeurosis (galea)

Muscle 18 DELTOID Both Left and Right Full - Body models
LOCATION:	Thick rounded muscle forming shoulder mass
ACTIONS:	Arm flexor Rotates arm medially Adducts arm When the Scapula is fixed, this muscle pulls the rib cage upwards Assists in throwing, pushing and forced inspiration
ORIGINS:	Surrounds the insertion of the Trapezius and the lateral third of the Clavicle Also: Scapula (acromion and spine)
INSERTION:	Humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

Muscle 18 DELTOID Both Left and Right Full - Body models
LOCATION:	Thick rounded muscle forming shoulder mass
ACTIONS:	Arm flexor Rotates arm medially Adducts arm When the Scapula is fixed, this muscle pulls the rib cage upwards Assists in throwing, pushing and forced inspiration
ORIGINS:	Surrounds the insertion of the Trapezius and the lateral third of the Clavicle Also: Scapula (acromion and spine)
INSERTION:	Humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

Muscle 36 Hamstring Group: BICEPS FEMORIS Smaller Model on the Left (36) Members of the HAMSTRING group: Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosis/us and the Semimembranosis/us (last is not labeled)
LOCATION:	Most lateral muscle of the hamstrings group. This group also includes the Semintendinosus (37) and the Semimembranosis (not labeled)
ACTIONS:	Extends thighs Flexes knee Laterally rotates the leg, especially when the knee is flexed
ORIGINS:	Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity Short Head: Distal Femur and Linea Aspera
INSERTION:	A common tendon inserts into the Fibula (head) and the Tibia (lateral condyle)

Muscle 40 SOLEUS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Flat, broad muscle of the calf just below the Gastrocnemius
ACTION:	Plantar flexes foot
ORIGIN:	Fibula and Tibia; Popliteal fascia
INSERTION:	Calcaneus by the Achilles tendon

Tendon 41 CALCANEAL TENDON (Achilles tendon) Smaller Model on the Left
This tendon is an extension of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles. It is believed to be the thickest and strongest tendon in the human body and is approximately 6 inches in length. It is inserted into the middle part of the posterior region of the Calcaneous (heel bone).

Muscle 39 GASTROCNEMIUS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Posterior leg (calf) Superficial pair of bellies
ACTION:	Flexes the foot when the knee is extended Since it crosses the knee joint, it can flex the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed
ORIGIN:	By two heads from lateral and medial condyles of the Femur
INSERTION:	Posterior Calcaneous via the Calcaneal tendon

Muscle 37 Hamstring Group: SEMITENDINOSIS/US Smaller Model on the Left Members of the HAMSTRING group: Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosis/us and the Semimembranosis/us (last is not labeled)
LOCATION:	Medial to the Biceps Femoris Long, slender tendon begins approximately two-thirds of the way down the thigh
ACTION:	Extends the thigh and flexes the knee Along with the Semimembranosus, medially rotates the leg
ORIGIN:	Ischial Tubersosity which is also shared with the long head of the Biceps Femoris
INSERTION:	Medial region of the upper tibial shaft

Muscle 17 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Forms the bulk of the buttock mass
ACTION:	Major extensor of the thigh
ORIGIN:	Dorsal ilium, sacrum and coccyx
INSERTION:	Femur (Gluteal tuberosity) Iliotibial Tract (IT)

TENSOR FASCIA LATA Smaller Model on the Left (No Number)
LOCATION:	Anterolateral aspect of the thigh
ACTION:	Flexes, rotates the thigh medially
ORIGIN:	Anterior region of the Iliac crest and the anterior superior Iliac spine
INSERTION:	Iliotibial (IT) band of the Fascia Lata

Muscle 16 LATISSIMUS DORSI Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Literally: broadest muscle of the back Dorso-lateral to the trunk of the body Posterior to the arm Covered by the Trapezius superiorly Contributes to the posterior wall of the axilla
ACTION:	Adducts, extends and rotates the Humerus medially Bringing the arm down in a power stroke Examples: Striking a blow, hammering, swimming and rowing
ORIGIN:	Lower Thoracic vertebrae spines Indirectly via fascia to the Lumbar and the Sacral vertebrae
INSERTION:	Humerus (floor of the intertubercular sulcus)

Muscle 14 TRAPEZIUS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Flat and triangular; mid - upper back
ACTION:	Stabilizes, raises, retracts and rotates the Scapula
ORIGIN:	Occipital bone, spinous processes of C-7 and all thoracic vertebrae
INSERTION:	Continuous insertion along the Scapula (Acromion and Spine) Lateral third of the Clavicle

Muscle 15 INFRASPINATUS Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Trapezoidal and flat along the lower Scapula
ACTION:	Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder
ORIGIN:	Scapula (infraspinous fossa)
INSERTION:	Humerus: middle of the greater tubercle

Muscle 24 TRICEPS BRACHII Smaller Model on the Left
LOCATION:	Posterior compartment of the arm
ACTION:	Extends the arm at the shoulder Extends the forearm at the elbow
ORIGIN:	Three-headed at: Scapula (infraglenoid tubercle) Humerus
INSERTION:	By a common tendon to the Ulna (posterior process of olecranon)

"IT" ILIOTIBIAL TRACT (or band) Smaller Model on the Left (Grey box, no number)
This is a thickened lateral portion of the Fascia Lata (fascia that ensheathes all the muscles of the thigh). Extends as a tendinous band from the iliac crest to the knee; Extension of the Tensor Fascia Lata muscle

Muscle 11 STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Neck
ACTION:	Flexes and rotates the head Flexes the head towards the shoulders
ORIGIN:	Manubrium and the Clavicle
INSERTION:	Temporal bone (Mastoid Process)

Muscle 12 SCALENI MUSCLES Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Four (4) of these muscles: Scalene Scalene anterior Scalene middle Scalene posterior
ACTION:	Flexion and rotation of the Cervical Vertebrae
ORIGIN:	Transverse processes of various Cervical Vertebrae
INSERTION:	Various ribs and Vertebrae

Muscle 20 PECTORALIS MAJOR Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Chest; upper/axillary (anterior)
ACTION:	Arm flexion; medial rotation; Forced inspiration; Rib cage elevation
ORIGIN:	Clavicle and Sternum; Cartilages of Ribs 1 - 6
INSERTION:	Humerus (Greater Tubercle)

Muscle 25 BICEPS BRACHII Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Arm (two heads)
ACTION:	Flexes elbow joint; Rotates hand laterally
ORIGIN:	Scapula: Short: Coracoid process Long: Glenoid cavity
INSERTION:	Radius: Radial Tuberosity

Muscle 26 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Lateral side of the Humerus
ACTION:	Extends and abducts hand at the wrist
ORIGIN:	Humerus (Lateral Epicondlye)
INSERTION:	Base of the 2nd Metacarpal (dorsal)

Muscle 27 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Lateral side of the Humerus
ACTION:	Extends wrist and fingers; Middle Phalanx of fingers 2 - 5
ORIGIN:	Humerus (Lateral Epicondyle)
INSERTION:	Distal Phalanges 2-5

Muscle 19 SERRATUS ANTERIOR Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Adjacent to the Thoracic wall
ACTION:	Abducts (protracts) the Scapula; Rotates the Scapula upwards while abducting the Arm Holds Scapula to the Chest wall
ORIGIN:	Anterior surfaces of the first 8 ribs
INSERTION:	Scapula: anterior surface and the medial border

Muscle 21 EXTERNAL OBLIQUE Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Anterior and lateral abdominal wall
ACTION:	Flexes the vertebral column
ORIGIN:	Lower 8 Ribs
INSERTION:	Pubic Crest and the Iliac Crest

Muscle 30 BRACHIORADIALIS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Lateral region on the Lower Arm
ACTION:	Flexes the forearm at the elbow
ORIGIN:	Humerus: Lateral Supracondyle ridge
INSERTION:	Radius (Styloid Process)

Muscle 29 EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Triangular in shape; Wraps around the lower Radius
ACTION:	Aids in abducting and extending the thumb
ORIGIN:	Radius (dorsal side)
INSERTION:	Proximal phalanx of the Thumb

Muscle 31 SARTORIUS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Straplike; Longest muscle in humans; Runs obliquely across the anterior surface of the Thigh to the Knee
ACTION:	Flexes the Thigh, Flexes the Knee; Abducts, laterally Rotates the Thigh; Cross - legged position
ORIGIN:	Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
INSERTION:	Medial aspects of the Knee Medial aspect of the proximal Tibia

Muscle 33 PECTINEAL Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Short/flat; overlies adductor brevis
ACTION:	Adducts, flexes and medially rotates the Thigh
ORIGIN:	Pubis and Superior Ramus
INSERTION:	Femur (posterior aspect); Runs inferiorly from the Lesser Trochanter to the Linea Aspera

Muscle 32 Quadriceps Group: RECTUS FEMORIS Location, Action, Origin and Insertion are below. Large Model on the right Members of the Quadriceps group: Rectus Femoris (this box), Vastus medialis (next box), Vastus lateralis (shown but with no number or info box), and lastly, the Vastus intermedius The not-shown Vastus intermedius is hidden behind the Rectus Femoris between the Vastus medialis and the Vastus lateralis on the anterior thigh.
LOCATION:	Part of the Quadriceps group; Thigh: anterior aspect
ACTION:	Flexes Thigh at the Hip; Extends Knee
ORIGIN:	Acetabulum: (superior margin); Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
INSERTION:	Patellar and Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament

Muscle 35 ADDUCTOR LONGUS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Medial aspect of the Thigh
ACTION:	Flexes the Thigh; Abducts the Thigh; Medially Rotates the Thigh
ORIGIN:	Pubis (near Pubis Symphysis)
INSERTION:	Linea Aspera

Muscle 34 GRACILIS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Long/thin on the Thigh (medial)
ACTION:	Adducts the Thigh; Flexes and Medially Rotates the Leg
ORIGIN:	Pubis (body and Inferior Ramus)
INSERTION:	Tibia (Medial surface) Inferior to the Medial Condyle

No Number Quadriceps Group: VASTUS MEDIALIS Location, Action, Origin and Insertion are below. Identified on the Large Model on the right (no number) Members of the Quadriceps group: Rectus Femoris (32), Vastus medialis (this box), Vastus lateralis (shown but with no number or info box), and lastly, the Vastus intermedius The not-shown Vastus intermedius is hidden behind the Rectus Femoris between the Vastus medialis and the Vastus lateralis on the anterior thigh.
LOCATION:	Part of the Quadriceps group; Thigh: medial - region
ACTION:	Extends the Knee
ORIGIN:	Linea Aspera
INSERTION:	Same as Rectus Femoris: Patellar and Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament

Quadriceps Group: VASTUS LATERALIS Location, Action, Origin and Insertion are below. Identified on the Large Model on the right (no number) Members of the Quadriceps group: Rectus Femoris (32), Vastus lateralis (below), Vastus medialis and the Vastus intermedius (intermedius is not labeled). The not-shown Vastus intermedius is hidden behind the Rectus Femoris between the Vastus medialis and the Vastus lateralis on the anterior thigh.
LOCATION:	Part of the Quadriceps group; Thigh: lateral - region
ACTION:	Extends and stabilizes the Knee
ORIGIN:	Femur (Greater Trochanter) Linea Aspera
INSERTION:	Same as Rectus Femoris: Patellar and Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Large Model on the right (43)
LOCATION:	Anterior Leg
ACTION:	Dorsiflexion and Foot inversion
ORIGIN:	Tibia (Lateral condyle/upper shaft)
INSERTION:	First Metatarsal bone (via tendon)

GASTROCNEMIUS Large Model on the right (39)
LOCATION:	Proximal curve of the Calf; Two (2) prominent bellies
ACTION:	Flexes the foot when the Knee is extended Since it crosses the knee joint, it can flex the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed
ORIGIN:	By two heads from lateral and medial condyles of the Femur
INSERTION:	Posterior Calcaneous via the Calcaneal tendon

Muscle 42 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Anterolateral surface of the Leg
ACTION:	Toe extension; dorsiflexes Foot
ORIGIN:	Tibia (Later Condyle); Fibula (Proximal Shaft)
INSERTION:	Middle/Distal Phalanges; Toes 2 - 5

Muscle 22 RECTUS ABDOMINIS Large Model on the right
LOCATION:	Extends from the Pubis to the Rib Cage; Ensheathed by Aponeuroses of the adjacent lateral muscles
ACTION:	Flex and Rotate the Lumbar region of the Vertebral Column; Increase intra-abdominal pressure; Used during sit-ups
ORIGIN:	Pubis (Crest and Symphysis)
INSERTION:	Xiphoid Process; Costal cartilages of Ribs 5 - 7